Comparable company analysis values a business using the trading multiples of similar publicly listed companies. According to the CFA Institute equity valuation curriculum, market-based methods like comps serve both as…
Enterprise value measures what it truly costs to acquire a business. Learn the EV formula, how to calculate it, and how analysts use it in valuation.
Learn what free cash flow means, how to calculate it step by step, and why FCF is the metric professional analysts trust most for valuing companies.
The dividend discount model (DDM) values a stock by discounting all expected future dividend payments to present value at the cost of equity. According to Aswath Damodaran of NYU Stern,…
Year-over-year (YoY) growth compares a metric across two time periods. Learn the formula, how to calculate it for revenue and earnings, and how analysts use it in valuation.
Learn how to forecast total asset growth, net fixed asset growth, and CAPEX-to-depreciation ratios correctly in financial models. Rules, benchmarks, and common mistakes.

